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Abbreviations AC Adenocarcinoma AIE Aggregation-Induced Emission AKT Protein Kinase B ARE Antioxidant Response Element BSA Bovine Serum Albumin BSO Buthionine Sulfoximine CAT Catalase CDT Chemodynamic Therapy Ce6 Chlorin e6 CPT Camptothecin CuNCs Copper Nanoclusters DDS Drug Delivery System DOX Doxorubicin DSBR Double-Strand Break Repair DSBs Double-Strand DNA Breaks EBRT External Beam Radiotherapy EMT Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition ERK Extracellular Signal–Regulated Kinase GPx/GPX4 Glutathione Peroxidase/Glutathione Peroxidase 4 GSR/GR Glutathione Reductase GSTs Glutathione S-Transferases Hcy Homocysteine HIF-1α Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-alpha HRR Homologous Recombination Repair ICD Immunogenic Cell Death IDH1/IDH2 Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1/2 IDO-1 Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 IR806-PDA Photoacoustic Probe IR806-Pyridinedithioethylamine JNK C-Jun N-terminal Kinase KEAP1 Kelch-like ECH-Associated Protein 1 LCC Large Cell Carcinoma ME1 Malic Enzyme 1 MONs Mesoporous Organosilica Nanoparticles MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging MSNs Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles mTOR Mammalian Target of Rapamycin MMP Matrix Metalloproteinase NHEJ Non-Homologous End Joining NF-κB Nuclear Factor Kappa-light-chain-enhancer of Activated B cells NO• Nitric Oxide Radical NRF2/Nrf2 Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 NSCLC Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer PA Photoacoustic PDT Photodynamic Therapy PEG Polyethylene Glycol PI3K Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase PPP Pentose Phosphate Pathway PTT Photothermal Therapy PTEN Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog RAS Rat Sarcoma Oncogene ROS Reactive Oxygen Species RNS Reactive Nitrogen Species SDT Sonodynamic Therapy SeSe Diselenide Linkage SOD Superoxide Dismutase SS Disulfide Linkage TME Tumor Microenvironment TNF Tumor Necrosis Factor TRX/Trx Thioredoxin TrxR Thioredoxin Reductase Author contributions Rana R